What was the impact of Confederation on Indigenous peoples in Canada?

The impact of Confederation on Indigenous peoples in Canada was primarily characterized by significant loss of land and rights. Following Confederation in 1867, the newly formed government pursued policies that often disregarded Indigenous land rights and sovereignty. Treaties that were signed frequently led to the ceding of large tracts of land, often without the full consent or understanding of Indigenous communities. The federal government implemented a framework that marginalized Indigenous peoples, leading to restricted access to traditional territories and resources.

Additionally, the establishment of the Indian Act in 1876 further solidified the control of the federal government over Indigenous affairs, limiting self-governance and imposing a system that undermined traditional practices and governance structures. This resulted in the erosion of Indigenous autonomy and cultural identity, which had lasting effects on Indigenous communities across Canada.

In contrast to the choice regarding increased land rights or the expansion of Indigenous governance, the reality post-Confederation was one of systemic disenfranchisement and dispossession. While some policies aimed at improving living conditions were proposed over time, they were often inadequately implemented and did not address the fundamental issues of rights and territory that Indigenous peoples faced.